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A non-threatening environment encourages risk-taking and language learning. A student's language development may include a silent period during which learning takes place. Most students require seven years to become bilingual. Language proficiency includes both social interaction skills and cognitively demanding academic skills. Language proficiency level and rate of learning are affected by: age, cognitive ability, personality, self esteem, literacy in the first language, motivation, learning style, parental support and speed of adjustment to the American system of education. Language acquisition is greatly enhanced through the use of meaningful content materials that integrate listening, speaking, reading and writing in a holistic approach. Language skills and the level of literacy of the first language transfer to and enhance the acquisition of a second language. We learn to read by reading. Free voluntary reading is necessary to attain higher levels of language proficiency. Students exit the ESL program before they have become completely bilingual since their English language development can advance effectively through the regular curriculum. A good ESL program is flexible and student-centered. It includes continuous assessment of the whole student, close communication with parents and teachers, and continuous review of curriculum, materials and methods. |
